Beckwith, Christopher I. The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. Princeton University Press, Princeton 1987; revised edition 1993.
Beckwith, Christopher I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press, Princeton 2009.
Grousset, Rene. The Empires of the Steppes a History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick 1970.
Hulsewé, A. F. P. and M. A. N. Loewe, China in Central Asia: The Early Stage: 125 B.C.-A.D. 23. Leiden E. J. Brill (1979) ISBN 90-04-05884-2.
Mallory, J. P. and Victor H. Mair. (2000). The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. Thames & Hudson, London. ISBN 0-500-05101-1.
Younghusband, Francis E. (1896). The Heart of a Continent. John Murray, London. Facsimile reprint: (2005) Elbiron Classics. ISBN 1-4212-6551-6 (pbk); ISBN 1-4212-6550-8 (hardcover).
